Rio Grande Medical Center Case Study

Mars Curiosity Rover is Uncovering Martian History

Mars Curiosity Rover is Uncovering Martian History Consistently an automated meanderer about the size of a little vehicle awakens and makes its best course of action over the outside of Mars. Its called the Curiosity Mars Science Laboratory wanderer, investigating around Mount Sharp at the focal point of Gale Crater (an old effect site)â on the Red Planet. Its one of two working wanderers on the Red Planet. The other is the Opportunity meanderer, roosted on the west edge of Endeavor Crater. The Mars Exploration Rover Spirit quit working and is currently quiet following quite a long while of investigation all alone. Every year, Curiositys science group praises another full Martian year of investigation. A Mars year is longer than an Earth year, approximately 687 Earth days, and Curiosity has been carrying out its responsibility since August 6, 2012. It has been a pivotal time, uncovering amazing new data about Earths neighbor in the close planetary system. Planetary researchers and future Mars strategic areâ interested in conditions on the planet, especially its capacity to help life. The Search for Martian Water One of the most significant inquiries the Curiosity (and other) missions needs to answer is: what is the historical backdrop of water on Mars? Curiositys instruments and cameras were intended to help answer that. It was fitting at that point, that one of Curiositys first disclosures was an antiquated riverbed running underneath the meanderers arrival site. Not far away, at a region known as Yellowknife Bay, the wanderer delved into two chunks of mudstone (rock shaped from mud)â and considered examples. The thought was to search for livable zones for straightforward living things. The investigation gave a distinct indeed, this could have been a spot accommodating to life answer. Examination of the mudstone tests indicated that they were once at the base of a lake loaded up with water wealthy in supplements. That is the sort of spot where life could have framed and thrived on the early Earth. In the event that Mars had living creatures, this would have been a decent home for them, as well.â Where Did the Water Go? One inquiry that keeps coming up is, If Mars had a ton of water previously, where did everything go? The appropriate responses recommend a scope of spots, from solidified underground repositories to the ice tops. Studies by the MAVEN rocket circling the planet unequivocally bolster the possibility that some scene of water misfortune to spaceâ occurred. This changed the planets climate. Curiosity has estimated different gases in the Martian atmosphereâ and has helped Mars researchers make sense of that a great part of the early air (which was likely wetter than now) disappeared to space. Later investigations have uncovered underground ice on Mars, and perhaps salty meltwater just underneath the surface in some areas.â Rocks recount to an interesting story of Mars water. Curiosityâ has decided of the times of Martian rocks, and to what extent a stone has been presented to destructive radiation. Shakes in direct contact with water in the past inform researchers more insights about waters job on Mars. The central issue: when watered stream uninhibitedly across Mars is as yet unanswered, however Curiosity is giving information to help answer it soon. Curiosityâ has likewise returned significant data about radiation levels on the Martian surface, which would be significant for guaranteeing the wellbeing of future Mars pilgrims. Future excursions go fromâ one-way missionsâ to long haul missions that send and return numerous teams to and from the Red Planet. Curiositys Future Curiosityâ is as yet running solid, in spite of some harm to one its wheels. That has driven colleagues and shuttle controllers to devise new investigation courses to oblige the problem.The strategic one more advance to the inevitable human investigation of Mars. Similarly as with our investigation of Earth over the previous hundreds of years - utilizing advance scoutsâ -this crucial others, similar to the MAVENmission and Indias Mars Orbiter Mission are sending back significant word about the region ahead, and what our first voyagers will discover.

Tips for Writing a Solid Introduction

Tips for Writing a Solid Introduction (3) Essays, as you know, contain an introduction, a body, and a conclusion. Each element functions in a unique, yet unified way. For example, the body of the essay contains all of the important evidence that supports your thesis. However, it won’t make any sense unless the introduction first sets the stage. Clearly, a great introduction is important. Strong introductions should present the main idea, as well as set the tone, the style, and the voice of the entire essay. Here are a few tips to help make that happen. Spring is hereâ€"a good time for beginnings (and introductions)! The resources at can help you with research paper ideas and a free grammar check to make sure your paper starts off on the right foot. There are also free guides if you need help with helping verbs, are curious about gender neutral pronouns, or have other grammar questions. 1. Prepare before you write In the same way that an architect wouldn’t break ground for a new building without a blueprint, you shouldn’t write the intro until you have a solid idea of your topic and information you’ll be introducing. This could mean first doing preliminary research, an outline, and, most importantly, choosing a thesis that you can state in one or two sentences. 2. Determine your thesis You thesis is the center of your entire paper. It should concisely and clearly communicate the main idea and purpose of your paper. For those stuck on building your thesis, here’s a template to help you focus: Example: This essay about __________ will [argue/illustrate/defend/support/etc.â€"you choose the verb] the following main ideas; __________, __________, and __________. It’s also a good idea to write many different drafts until you have a concise statement that sums up what you want your essay to accomplish. Feel free to experiment with the template, and to edit it for flow or continuity once you have the basic ideas in place: Example: This essay will illustrate that the novel Catcher in the Rye by J.D. Salinger is the quintessential coming of age story, that it’s still relevant over 50 years later, and finally, that Salinger remains an important voice in American literature. 3. Build around your thesis Now imagine that, like an architect, it’s time to lay the foundation. The thesis statement, or the foundation, is the final sentence(s) of the introduction. It works as a bridge to the body of the essay, and informs your reader what to expect. But what comes before the thesis? Obviously, the intro is more than just one or two sentences, so what else is in the first paragraph? Here’s the trick. Ask yourself: What is the best introduction to my thesis, or what is the best context for it? You have many ways to do this. For example, using the Catcher in the Rye example above, you could provide a: Brief definition of the genre “coming of age stories” Short FAQ about the widespread influence of Salinger Brief summary of a movie that is also a coming of age story etc. Use your imagination and try different approaches! It doesn’t hurt to do several drafts before you discover the perfect introduction for your thesis. Example: Coming of age is often defined as crossing the threshold from childhood to adulthood. In literature and in film, it is often a very fraught processâ€"after all, it’s a defining moment of our lives. It is usually accompanied by a loss of some kind, but also a gain of wisdom. We see this in our own lives; our first kiss, our first job, or even experiencing grief for the first time. Since coming of age is a universal experience, it helps us, as a culture, to have narratives that explain the process as a kind of guide or template, or even to just let us know we aren’t alone. This essay will illustrate that the novel, Catcher in the Rye by J.D. Salinger, is still the quintessential coming of age story, that it’s still relevant over 50 years later, and finally, that Salinger remains an important voice in American literature. Be sure to allow yourself the luxury of time to be creative, and experiment until you have the perfect introduction to your essay. Your intro is strong, your body is on point, and your conclusion rocksâ€"don’t forget to cite your sources! offers free guides on the MLA bibliography format, how to create an APA citation, and what a Chicago in-text citation is.

Separating Political Conduct and Personal Morality in...

Separating Political Conduct and Personal Morality in Niccolà ² Machiavellis, The Prince Niccolà ² Machiavelli wrote, in his novel The Prince, that strong central political leadership was more important than anything else, including religion and moral behavior. Machiavelli, writing during a period of dramatic change known as the Italian Renaissance, displayed attitudes towards many issues, mostly political, which supported his belief that strong government was the most important element in society. These attitudes and ideas were very appropriate for the time because they stressed strong, centralized power, the only kind of leadership that seemed to be working throughout Europe, and which was the element Italy was lacking. Machiavelli†¦show more content†¦These events and people left impressions on him that would become recommendations for strong, ruthless, central government in his writings. Machiavelli stated that princes needed to be harsh in their treatment of both mixed principalities (new and old principalities combined) and new principalities. There is in all new and mixed principalities a natural hazard... the willingness of men to change one lord for another, believing thus to improve their lot. To avoid against rebellions, the prince must be very harsh, disarm the populace, and always be cautious. It is easier for a prince to hold control after he has already subdued one rebellion, for he can use it as an excuse to establish himself more solidly, by strengthening his power. To retain control of a city is much more difficult than acquiring control of a city according to Machiavelli. After a city is acquired, there are three ways of keeping control of it, the first is to destroy it, the second is to go there in person, and the third is... setting up a government composed of a few men who will keep it friendly to you. Once a prince takes control of a city, he must not forget it, for it can easily be lost. Even if following one of Machiavellis three ways to keep a city, it is still possible to lose control. Rebellions were commonplace in Renaissance Italy, and to protect against them it was necessary to constantly keep the city under the princes

Tax Dollars Should Fund Religious Schools Essay - 640 Words

Tax Dollars Should Fund Religious Schools The issue of whether or not to use tax dollars to provide private schools with vouchers has been controversial for many years now. Many people feel that it is our governments obligation to provide private institutions with the proper funds, while others believe that if private schools inherit our tax dollars then it is violation of our constitution as it promotes a particular religion. I think it is our governments responsibility to provide each and every school with tax dollars, regardless of its orientation. Many reasons, especially popularity and success rates provide substantial evidence that private schools should be funded by government vouchers. The main concern of those who†¦show more content†¦In addition there is no evidence supporting that it is unconstitutional to involve the state with religion or that anyone was coerced into practicing religion. The Supreme Court ruled in Everson vs. Board of Education that the taxes that would be spent would be for a public purpose; that being educating children. That is the purpose of our government to provide education to our children. In the Supreme Court case Mitchell vs. Helms the court ruled that taxpayers money can be used to provide certain materials for religious schools. So obviously it is not unconstitutional to fund private schools if they already decided to give materials to these schools. Therefore there is no evidence supporting the fact that the publics taxes should not go to private schools. Our job as a community and a society is to provide children with education. It should not matter what school these students choose to attend, we should still provide them with the opportunity to learn. As stated in USA Today, 47% of school-age students would use private schools if they had the right resources. Students should be able to decide where they want to get their education. The more a student likes their environment, the more apt they are to learning. We should not deprive them of learning in any form. By not funding these schools we are in fact then depriving the students. According to the Wall Street Journal, voucher students are more likely to stay in school, learn more,Show MoreRelatedEssay on No Tax Dollars for Religious Education661 Words   |  3 PagesNo Tax Dollars for Religious Education Tax dollars are your money at work.   Do you want your money to go to fund private religious schools?   Tax dollars should not fund religious education because it is a violation of the separation of church and state clause of the first amendment to the constitution. 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Tithing is a normal part of being a member of a congregation however, just as no one knows what they are receiving in return; we don’t know how much religious organizations are receiving in financialRead MoreChurches Should Not Remain Tax Exempt743 Words   |  3 PagesChurches Should Not Remain Tax Exempt Since 1894, churches in the United States of America (US) have received an official federal income tax exemption, although, unofficially, they have been tax-exempt since the country’s founding. Churches are tax exempt in two major ways—one, in all 50 states and the District of Columbia, churches are exempt from paying property tax, and two, donations to churches are tax-deductible for the donator. 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The y left their homes, families, and lives behind to seek freedom from religious constraintsRead MoreThe Democratic National Party vs. the Republican National Party1131 Words   |  5 PagesOn the issue of tax relief, the Republicans called for more tax breaks than did the Democratic party. The Democrats called for â€Å"a research and development tax credit; a low income housing tax credit; [and] a long term capital gains proposal for new businesses and business expansions†(â€Å"First Presidential Debate, 1992†). The Republican party went much further. In the first presidential debate on October 11, 1992, Bush called for a capital gains cut, and investment allowance, and a tax break for first-time

Compare and Contrast Christians vs Muslims Free Essays

As with most religions studied all around the world both Islamic and Christian faith are viewed as powerful and life changing lifestyle in a religious aspect. Although, they are both unique in their own way both religions have helped to shape the people in which they are practiced by. In the essay below you will encounter the differences and similarities which make these religions what they are to the people who practice them. We will write a custom essay sample on Compare and Contrast Christians vs Muslims or any similar topic only for you Order Now Although, no one religion is greater than the other they are only as great as the people who vow to live them daily. Christian and Muslim faith have both help to develop the country, America as two of the most widely practiced religions, and although they are different they both have made positive impact in the development of the country. With a place like America, considering the freedom of the people, the views and morals and values of the people, who inhabit this beautiful country it is not hard to figure out why they call it the â€Å"melting pot. † Depending on who is describing its beauty, to most it would be known as the American dream, mostly to those who do no live here and want to come here. When people speak of America they speak of freedom, freedom to live as they want, freedom to say what they want, freedom to do as they want and the freedom to dream as they want. All of these things and more make up what America is known for. However, although, living freely is something that is precious to those who come here, one of the most important aspects to living freely as they would like is the fact that they are welcomed here no matter what religion. With religion being such a big part in most people’s lives it is not uncommon to see people engaging in it everyday. Although there are many different religions, in America two of the most common religion happens to be Christianity and the Islamic religion, Muslim. Although, these two religions differ, they also have their similarities, both religions believe that there is only one true God that sends down a messenger to observe the people, they both believe in a better reward in the after life if they live their lives well and according to the commands of their God. Both religions rely on a books in which they use to guide them through life. They both praise and worship their Gods, although in different ways and they both practice certain commands of their God to show their appreciation for life given to them by the Gods they serve. However, to accurately pick apart these two religions, and translate their full value, would probably be impossible, because neither religion nor how it’s practiced is fully understood by the people who practice it. However, both do have their own views as to how things came about, how things should be done, and the consequences of not doing as their God would have them to do. To know the difference between the two, to understand that aspect, it is first important to understand what each religion is, and how they came about. Practicing Christianity means to practice a religion based on the belief in Jesus Christ. They believe that Jesus, by dying and rising from the dead, made up for the sin of Adam and thus redeemed the world, allowing all who believe in him to enter heaven. Christians rely on the Bible as the inspired word of God. The Bible is their book of direction, written by the disciples and followers of God and translated to them from Him so that the people will follow these directions for their daily lives. To them the word was breathed by God. It is even fair to say that one of the biggest differences between the two is that Christianity is more about the relationship with God rather than the religious practice. The Christian population believe that in order to truly worship God, one must get close to him and develop a relationship with him, with that, the closer you are to him, the more you will become like him. It is believed that God allows each and every Christian to develop and grow their own relationship with God so as to get to a place of love shared between the two. In a sense, if the love you have for God grows outside of a religious sense it is still acceptable by God, and the more the love grows the more you are accepted by him. Although, religious practices go hand in hand with worshiping him so the more love you have for God the more you will do at his command because you know it will show the love you have for him. Other big differences are the belief that God exist as one in three persons which includes The Father, The Son and the Holy Spirit. In the Muslim religion there is one God, or better known as Allah. Period. Its beliefs are different from the teaching of the Christian faith. To Muslims, there is but one God, and Jesus, is merely a prophet, just as Muhammad was, for the people, born a virgin, but created just as Adam and all mankind was. However, Muhammad is who was chosen by God. The people of Muslim faith do not believe in Jesus dying on the cross, because they do not believe that God would allow such a torturous death to one of his followers, with that though Christians believe the death was needed in order to show salvations for all the sins of the people. For the Muslim, the Qu’ran is their book of direction; however it was not created until after the bible. As the Christians believe that the Bible is the only holy word direct from God, Muslims believe the Qu’ran has just the same importance. Christians believe their bible to be the only word, and that nothing can be added or taken away from it which is exactly what the Islamic people did by erecting the Qu’ran. Because of these essential differences and contradictions, Islam and Christianity cannot both be true. The Bible and Qur’an cannot both be God’s Word. The truth has eternal consequences. As stated above both believe in an eternal reward for good deeds, but the way in which you receive them differ as well. In the Christian religion, Jesus died for all sins and as long as his existence is believed and people repent of their sins they can be forgiven, only by God’s grace and granted access to a heavenly existence after earthly existence is finished. As far the Islamic religion is concerned paradise is only earned by keeping the five pillars, which include: The testimony of faith. This means, â€Å"There is no deity but Allah. Muhammad is the messenger of Allah. † A person can convert to Islam by stating this creed. The shahada shows that a Muslim believes in Allah alone as deity and believes that Muhammad reveals Allah. Prayer, Five ritual prayers must be performed every day. Giving, this almsgiving is a certain percentage given once a year. Fasting. Muslims fast during Ramadan in the ninth month of the Islamic calendar. They must not eat or drink from dawn until sunset. Pilgrimage. If physically and financially possible, a Muslim must make the pilgrimage to Mecca in Saudi Arabia at least once. This is performed in the twelfth month of the Islamic calendar. These five pillars, are what Muslim followers believe if lived by will assist them in obtaining eternal life with the God in which they serve. When comparing these two religions, the contrast is also apparent in their way of life as well. Education and marriage are also two things common in both religions and cultures but very different. One thing is certain when analyzing the union of marriage or the importance and significance of education in the Muslim faith, religion goes hand in hand with each of these subjects because faith and religious growth is what determines the lifestyle of Muslims in every aspect. The Qur’an lays out clear guidelines for marriage. One of the main traits you should look for in a potential spouse is a similarity in religious outlook. For the sake of compatibility, and the upbringing of future children, it is most recommended for a Muslim to marry another Muslim. However, in some circumstances it is permissible for a Muslim to marry a non-Muslim. The engagement is the biggest part of the wedding. Once the father has found a groom for his daughter, the wedding plans start rolling. The father than receives a bag of money as a thank you from the man who is about to marry his daughter. These are the oldest form of arraigned marriages and dowry is still a very important part of the proceedings. This is a token of his gratitude and loyalty to his daughter. Muslim beliefs are very strict when it comes to their marriages and the relationships within them. The man in the relationship is just that. He runs the household and everything that needs to be taken care of. In a Muslim relationship, the woman is meant to reproduce and take care of the home while her husband is at work. As the wife you are required to give your husband the utmost respect in absolutely every way. You are also required to accept and deal with any punishment that he feels you require. These are the beliefs of a Muslim marriage. However, these punishments and disciplines are not handed out the way that the media would have you believe. While a modern woman in America would have no part of this type of marriage, Muslim women have been taught no other teachings, and the faith is to be respected. While both religions look to their religion to lead their marriage, the Islamic faith is more likely to follow theirs to the letter. Christians also believe in the sanction of marriage and believe the same principles such as not cheating and staying true to the spouse. But, Christians are less likely to follow every step in the process. The penalties in one religion are nothing compared to the penalties in another. If you are a Muslim woman you cannot divorce your husband, he can only divorce you, adultery is punishable with death by stoning and there are almost no second chances, because the faith of the Islamic people are so strong this is excepted. However, Christianity is quite different; a woman may divorce her husband. Both men and women are equal in marriage and one does not rule the other. However the woman should submit to the man in order to help their marriage to be successful. To be educated is also something that has noted differences between the two religions Education is the birth right of every Muslim and Muslimah. Islam puts considerable emphasis on its followers to acquire knowledge. Investment in education is the best investment one can make, because it eventually leads to intellectual property. Intellectual property is the intangible property, which no one can steal or destroy. This is the property on which no Government can levy a tax. In the Western World the purpose of education is to provide for the economic prosperity of a nation. At a personal level the purpose of education is to acquire academic and professional skills that enable one to earn a respectable living with riches and fame, and also a luxurious and comfortable life. For a Muslim providing economic prosperity of a nation does not contradict his /her Islamic belief, however focusing the goals of education solely for the purpose of money making is unpalatable. Muslims want to impart Islamic education. Women are educated differently than men as well. How to cite Compare and Contrast Christians vs Muslims, Papers

Tropical Rainforests Essay Example For Students

Tropical Rainforests Essay IS 490 SPECIAL TOPICSComputer GraphicsMay 6, 1996Table of ContentsIntroduction3How It Was3How It All Began4Times Were Changing6Industrys First Attempts7The Second Wave10How the Magic is Made11Modeling12Animation13Rendering13Conclusion15Bibliography16Introduction Hollywood has gone digital, and the old ways of doing things are dying. Animation andspecial effects created with computers have been embraced by televisionnetworks,advertisers, and movie studios alike. Film editors, who for decadesworked by painstakinglycutting and gluing film segments together, are now sitting in front ofcomputer screens. There, they edit entire features while adding sound that is not onlystored digitally, butalso has been created and manipulated with computers. Viewers arewitnessing the results ofall this in the form of stories and experiences that they never dreamedof before. Perhapsthe most surprising aspect of all this, however, is that the entiredigital effects andanimation industry is still in its inf ancy. The future looks bright. We will write a custom essay on Tropical Rainforests specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now How It WasIn the beginning, computer graphics were as cumbersome and as hard tocontrol as dinosaursmust have been in their own time. Like dinosaurs, the hardware systems,or muscles, ofearly computer graphics were huge and ungainly. The machines oftenfilled entire buildings. Also like dinosaurs, the software programs or brains of computergraphics were hopelesslyunderdeveloped. Fortunately for the visual arts, the evolution of bothbrains and brawn ofcomputer graphics did not take eons to develop. It has, instead, takenonly three decadesto move from science fiction to current technological trends. Withcomputers out of thestone age, we have moved into the leading edge of the silicon era. Imagine sitting at acomputer without any visual feedback on a monitor. There would be nospreadsheets, no wordprocessors, not even simple games like solitaire. This is what it waslike in the earlydays of computers. The only way to interact with a computer at thattime was through toggleswitches, flashing lights, punchcards, and Teletype printouts. How ItAll Began In 1962, all this began to change. In that year, Ivan Sutherland, aPh.D. student at (MIT),created the science of computer graphics. For his dissertation, hewrote a program calledSketchpad that allowed him to draw lines of light directly on a cathoderay tube (CRT). Theresults were simple and primitive. They were a cube, a series of lines,and groups ofgeometric shapes. This offered an entirely new vision on how computerscould be used. In1964, Sutherland teamed up with Dr. David Evans at the University ofUtah to develop theworlds first academic computer graphics department. Their goal was toattract only the mostgifted students fr om across the country by creating a unique departmentthat combined hardscience with the creative arts. They new they were starting a brand newindustry and wantedpeople who would be able to lead that industry out of its infancy. Outof this unique mix ofscience and art, a basic understanding of computer graphics began togrow. Algorithms forthe creation of solid objects, their modeling, lighting, and shadingwere developed. Thisis the roots virtually every aspect of todays computer graphicsindustry is based on. Everything from desktop publishing to virtual reality find theirbeginnings in the basicresearch that came out of the University of Utah in the 60s and 70s. During this time,Evans and Sutherland also founded the first computer graphics company. Aptly named Evans Sutherland (ES), the company was established in 1968 and rolled out itsfirst computergraphics systems in 1969. Up until this time, the only computersavailable that couldcreate pictures were custom-designed for the military and prohibitivelyexpensive. ESscomputer system could draw wireframe images extremely rapidly, and wasthe first commercialworkstation created for computer-aided design (CAD). It found itsearliest customers inboth the automotive and aerospace industries. Times Were Changing Throughout its early years, the University of Utahs Computer ScienceDepartment wasgenerously supported by a series of research grants from the Departmentof Defense. The1970s, with its anti-war and anti-military protests, brought increasingrestriction to theflows of academic grants, which had a direct impact on the Utahdepartments ability tocarry out research. Fortunately, as the program wound down, Dr. Alexander Schure, founderand president of New York Institute of Technology (NYIT), steppedforward with his dream ofcreating computer-animated feature films. To accomplish this task,Schure hired EdwinCatmull, a University of Utah Ph.D., to head the NYIT computer graphicslab and thenequipped the lab with the best computer graphics hardware available atthat time. Whencompleted, the lab boasted over $2 million worth of equipment. Many ofthe staff came fromthe University of Utah and were given free reign to develop both two-and three-dimensionalcomputer graphics tools. Their goal was to soon produce a full -lengthcomputer animatedfeature film. The effort, which began in 1973, produced dozens ofresearch papers andhundreds of new discoveries, but in the end, it was far too early forsuch a complexundertaking. The computers of that time were simply too expensive andtoo under powered, andthe software not nearly developed enough. In fact, the first fulllength computer generatedfeature film was not to be completed until recently in 1995. By 1978,Schure could no longerjustify funding such an expensive effort, and the labs funding was cutback. The ironicthing is that had the Institute decided to patent many more of itsresearchers discoveriesthan it did, it would control much of the technology in use today. Fortunately for thecomputer industry as a whole, however, this did not happen. Instead,research was madeavailable to whomever could make good use of it, thus accelerating thetechnologiesdevelopment. Industrys First AttemptsAs NYITs influence started to wane, the first wave of commercialcomputer graphics studiosbegan to appear. Film visionary George Lucas (creator of Star Wars andIndiana Jonestrilogies) hired Catmull from NYIT in 1978 to start the LucasfilmComputer DevelopmentDivision, and a group of over half-dozen computer graphics studiosaround the country openedfor business. While Lucass computer division began researching how toapply digitaltechnology to filmmaking, the other studios began creating flying logosand broadcastgraphics for various corporations including TRW, Gillette, the NationalFootball League, andtelevision programs, such as The NBC Nightly News and ABC World NewsTonight. Althoughit was a dream of these initial computer graphics companies to makemovies with theirc omputers, virtually all the early commercial computer graphics werecreated for television. .ue0ac09c883fca6e38d83ae2228918c49 , .ue0ac09c883fca6e38d83ae2228918c49 .postImageUrl , .ue0ac09c883fca6e38d83ae2228918c49 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ue0ac09c883fca6e38d83ae2228918c49 , .ue0ac09c883fca6e38d83ae2228918c49:hover , .ue0ac09c883fca6e38d83ae2228918c49:visited , .ue0ac09c883fca6e38d83ae2228918c49:active { border:0!important; } .ue0ac09c883fca6e38d83ae2228918c49 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ue0ac09c883fca6e38d83ae2228918c49 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ue0ac09c883fca6e38d83ae2228918c49:active , .ue0ac09c883fca6e38d83ae2228918c49:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ue0ac09c883fca6e38d83ae2228918c49 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ue0ac09c883fca6e38d83ae2228918c49 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ue0ac09c883fca6e38d83ae2228918c49 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ue0ac09c883fca6e38d83ae2228918c49 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ue0ac09c883fca6e38d83ae2228918c49:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ue0ac09c883fca6e38d83ae2228918c49 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ue0ac09c883fca6e38d83ae2228918c49 .ue0ac09c883fca6e38d83ae2228918c49-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ue0ac09c883fca6e38d83ae2228918c49:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Business Law EssayIt was and still is easier and far more profitable to create graphicsfor televisioncommercials than for film. A typical frame of film requires many morecomputer calculationsthan a similar image created for television, while the per-second filmbudget is perhapsabout one-third as much income. The actual wake-up call to theentertainment industry wasnot to come until much later in 1982 with the release of Star-Trek II:The Wrath of Kahn. That movie contained a monumental sixty seconds of the most excitingfull-color computergraphics yet seen. Called the Genesis Effect, the sequence starts outwith a view of adead planet hanging lifeless in space. The camera follows a missilestrail into the planetthat is hit with the Genesis Torpedo. Flames arc outwards and raceacross the surface ofthe planet. The camera zooms in and follows the planets transformationfrom molten lava tocool blues of oceans and mountains shooting out of the ground. Thefinal scene spirals thecamera back out into space, revealing the cloud-covered newly bornplanet. These sixtyseconds may sound uneventful in light of current digital effects, butthis remarkable scenerepresents many firsts. It required the development of severalradically new computergraphics algorithms, including one for creating convincing computer fireand another toproduce realistic mountains and shorelines from fractal equations. Thiswas all created bythe team at Lucasfilms Computer Divisi on. In addition, this sequencewas the first timecomputer graphics were used as the center of attention, instead of beingused merely as aprop to support other action. No one in the entertainment industry hadseen anything likeit, and it unleashed a flood of queries from Hollywood directors seekingto find out bothhow it was done and whether an entire film could be created in thisfashion. Unfortunately,with the release of TRON later that same year and The Last Starfighterin 1984, the answerwas still a decided no. Both of these films were touted as a technological tour-de-force,which, in fact, theywere. The films graphics were extremely well executed, the best seenup to that point, butthey could not save the film from a weak script. Unfortunately, thetechnology was greatlyoversold during the films promotion and so in the end it wastechnology that was blamedfor the films failure. With the 1980s came the age of personalcomputers and dedicatedworkstations. Workstations are minicomputers that were cheap enough tobuy for one person. Smaller was better, aster, an much, much cheaper. Advances in siliconchip technologiesbrought massive and very rapid increases in power to smaller computersalong with drasticprice reductions. The costs of commercial graphics plunged to match,to the point wherethe major studios suddenly could no longer cover the mountains of debtcoming due on theiroverpriced centralized mainframe hardware. With their expenses mounting, and without the extra capital to upgradeto the newer cheapercomputers, virtually every independent computer graphics studio went outof business by1987. All of them, that is, except PDI, which went on to become thelargest commercialcomputer graphics house in the business and to serve as a model for thenext wave ofstudios. The Second Wave Burned twice by TRON and The Last Starfighter, and frightened by thefinancial failure ofvirtually the entire industry, Hollywood steered clear of computergraphics for severalyears. Behind the scenes, however, it was building back and wai ting forthe next big break. The break materialized in the form of a watery creation for the JamesCameron 1989 film,The Abyss. For this film, the group at George Lucas Industrial Lightand Magic (ILM)created the first completely computer-generated entirely organiclooking and thoroughlybelievable creature to be realistically integrated with live actionfootage and characters. This was the watery pseudopod that snaked its way into the underwaterresearch lab to get acloser look at its human inhabitants. In this stunning effect, ILMovercame two verydifficult problems: producing a soft-edged, bulgy, and irregular shapedobject, andconvincingly anchoring that object in a live-action sequence. Just asthe 1982 Genesissequence served as a wake-up call for early film computer graphics,this sequence for TheAbyss was the announcement that computer graphics had finally come ofage. A massiveoutpouring of computer-generated film graphics has since ensued withstudios from acrossthe entire spectrum participating in the action. From that point on,digital technologyspread so rapidly that the movies using digital effects have become toonumerous to list inentirety. However they include the likes of Total Recall, Toys,Terminator 2: JudgmentDay, The Babe, In the Line of Fire, Death Becomes Her, and of course,Jurassic Park. How the Magic is Made Creating computer graphics is essentially about three things: Modeling,Animation, andRendering. Modeling is the process by which 3-dimensional objects arebuilt inside thecomputer; animation is about making those objects come to life withmovement, and renderingis about giving them their ultimate appearance and looks. .uaa2eb65723bb038a4468a0829ecd0c74 , .uaa2eb65723bb038a4468a0829ecd0c74 .postImageUrl , .uaa2eb65723bb038a4468a0829ecd0c74 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uaa2eb65723bb038a4468a0829ecd0c74 , .uaa2eb65723bb038a4468a0829ecd0c74:hover , .uaa2eb65723bb038a4468a0829ecd0c74:visited , .uaa2eb65723bb038a4468a0829ecd0c74:active { border:0!important; } .uaa2eb65723bb038a4468a0829ecd0c74 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uaa2eb65723bb038a4468a0829ecd0c74 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uaa2eb65723bb038a4468a0829ecd0c74:active , .uaa2eb65723bb038a4468a0829ecd0c74:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uaa2eb65723bb038a4468a0829ecd0c74 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uaa2eb65723bb038a4468a0829ecd0c74 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uaa2eb65723bb038a4468a0829ecd0c74 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uaa2eb65723bb038a4468a0829ecd0c74 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uaa2eb65723bb038a4468a0829ecd0c74:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uaa2eb65723bb038a4468a0829ecd0c74 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uaa2eb65723bb038a4468a0829ecd0c74 .uaa2eb65723bb038a4468a0829ecd0c74-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uaa2eb65723bb038a4468a0829ecd0c74:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Homeopathy (2683 words) EssayHardware is the brains and brawn of computer graphics, but it ispowerless without theright software. It is the software that allows the modeler to build acomputer graphicobject, that helps the animator bring this object to life, and that, inthe end, gives theimage its final look. Sophisticated computer graphics software forcommercial studios iseither purchased for $30,000 to $50,000, or developed in-house bycomputer programmers. Most studios use a combination of both, developing new software to meetnew project needs. Modeling Modeling is the first step in creating any 3D computer graphics. Modeling in computergraphics is a little like sculpting, a little like building models withwood, plastic andglue, and a lot like CAD. Its flexibility and potential are unmatched inany other art form. With computer graphics it is possible to build entire worlds andentire realities. Eachcan have its own laws, its own looks, and its own scale of time andspace. Access to these 3-dimensional computer realities is almost alwaysthrough the 2-dimensionalwindow of a computer monitor. This can lead to the misunderstandingthat 3-D modeling ismerely the production perspective drawings. This is very far from thetruth. All elementscreated during any modeling session possess three full dimensions andat any time can berotated, turned upside down, and viewed from any angle or perspective. In addition, theymay be re-scaled, reshaped, or resized whenever the modeler chooses. Modeling is the firststep in creating any 3-dimensional computer animation. It requires theartists ability tovisualize mentally the objects being built, and the craftspersonspainstaking attention todetail to bring it to completion. To create an object, a modeler startswith a blank screenan sets the scale of the computers coordinate system for that element. The scale can beanything from microns to light years across in size. It is importantthat scale staysconsistent with all elements in a project. A chair built in inches willbe lost in a livingroom built in miles. The model is then created by building up layers oflines and patchesthat define the shape of the object. AnimationWhile it is the modeler that contains the power of creation, it is theanimator whoprovides the illusion of life. The animator uses the tools at hisdisposal to make objectsmove. Every animation process begins essentially the same way, with astoryboard. A storyboard is a series of still images that shows how the elementswill move and interactwith each other. This process is essential so that the animator knowswhat movements needto be assigned to objects in the animation. Using the storyboard, theanimator sets up keypoints of movements for each object in the scene. The computer thenproduces motion foreach object on a frame by frame basis. The final result when assembled,gives the form offluid movement. RenderingThe modeler gives form, the animator provides motion, but still theanimation process is notcomplete. The objects and elements are nothing but empty or hollowforms without anysurface. They are merely outlines until the rendering process isapplied. Rendering is themost com putational time demanding aspect of the entire animationprocess. During therendering process, the computer does virtually all the work usingsoftware that has beenpurchased or written in-house. It is here that the animation finallyachieves its finallook. Objects are given surfaces that make it look like a solid form. Any type of look canbe achieved by varying the looks of the surfaces. The objects finallylook concrete. Next,the objects are lighted. The look of the lighting is affected by thesurfaces of theobjects, the types of lights, and the mathematical models used tocalculate the behavior oflight. Once the lighting is completed, it is now time to create what thecamera will see. The computer calculates what the camera can see following the designs ofthe objects in thescene. Keep in mind that all the objects have tops, sides, bottoms, andpossibly insides. Types of camera lens, fog, smoke, and other effects all have to becalculated. To createthe final 2-D image, the computer scans the resulting 3D world and pullsout the pixels thatthe camera can see. The image is then sent to the monitor, tovideotape, or to a filmrecorder for display. The multiple 2D still frames, when all assembled,produce the finalanimation. ConclusionMuch has happened in the commercial computer graphics industry since thedecline of thefirst wave of studios and the rise of the second. Software and hardwarecosts haveplummeted. The number of well-trained animators and programmers hasincreased dramatically. And at last, Hollywood and the advertising community have acknowledgedthat the digital agehas finally arrived, this time not to disappear. All these factors havelead to an explosionin both the size of existing studios and the number of new enterprisesopening their doors. As the digital tide continues to rise, only one thing is certain. Wehave just begun to seehow computer technology will change the visual arts. BIBLIOGRAPHYHow Did They Do It? Computer Illusion in Film TV , Alpha Books 1994;Christopher W. BakerComputer Graphics World, Volume 19, Number 3; March 1996;Evan Hirsch, Beyond RealityComputer Graphics World, Volume 19, Number 4; April 1996;Evan Marc Hirsch, A Changing LandscapeWindows NT Magazine, Issue #7, March 1996;Joel Sloss, Theres No Business Like Show BusinessCinescape, Volume 1, Number 5; February 1995;Beth Laski, Ocean of Dreams16